We offer 3 modules for MSc entrance exams
conducted by DU, JNU, TIFR IIT-JAM etc
SYLLABUS
Module 1: GENETICS/INHERITANCE BIOLOGY
Syllabus is based on the following courses offered by Delhi University
Bsc ZOO (H): Paper 20-GGHP 501: GENETICS AND GENOMICS-I,
Paper 24 GGHT 602: GENETICS AND GENOMICS II
BSc Botany (H): Paper
20-GGHT 501: GENETICS AND GENOMICS-I
Unit 1: Introduction to Genetics
Mendel’s work
on transmission of traits, Genetic Variation, Molecular basis of Genetic
Information.
Unit 2: Mitosis and Meiosis
Interrelation
between the cell structure and the genetics function, Mitosis, Meiosis
(explaining Mendel’s ratios).
Unit 3: Mendelian Genetics and its
Extension
Principles of
Inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Laws of Probability, Pedigree
analysis, Incomplete dominance and codominance, Multiple alleles, Lethal
alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, Environmental effects on phenotypic expression,
sex linked inheritance.
Unit 4: Linkage, Crossing Over and
Chromosomal Mapping
Linkage and
crossing over, complete & incomplete linkage, bridges experiment, coupling
& repulsion,Cytological basis of crossing over, Molecular mechanism of
crossing over, Recombination frequency as a measure of linkage intensity, two
factor and three factor crosses, Interference and coincidence , rossing over:
concept and significance, cytological proof of crossing over.
Somatic cell
genetics – an alternative approach to gene mapping.
Unit 5: Mutations
Chromosomal
Mutations: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Aneuploidy and
Polyploidy; Gene mutations: Induced versus Spontaneous mutations, Back versus
Suppressor mutations, Molecular basis of Mutations in relation to UV light and
chemical mutagens, Detection of mutations: CLB method, Attached X method, DNA
repair mechanisms.
Unit 6: Sex Determination
Chromosomal
mechanisms, Environmental factors effecting sex determination, Barr bodies,
Dosage compensation.
Unit 7: Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Chloroplast
mutation/Variegation in Four o’ clock plant and Chlymodomonas, Mitochondrial
mutations in Neurospora and yeast, Maternal effects, Infective heredity- Kappa
particles in Paramecium.
Unit 8: Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative
and multifactor inheritance, Transgressive variations, Heterosis.
Unit 9: Genetic Analysis and Mapping in
Bacteria and Bacteriophages
Conjugation;
Transformation; Transduction, Recombination.
Unit 10: Genome Dynamics-Transposable
genetic elements, Eukaryotic Viruses
Prokaryotic
transposable elements- IS elements, Composite transposons, Tn-3 elements;
Eukaryotic transposable elements- Ac-Ds system in maize and P elements in
Drosophila; Uses of transposons; Eukaryotic Viruses.
Unit 11: Population Genetics
Allele frequencies,
Genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg Law, role of natural selection, mutation,
genetic drift.
Unit 12: Chromosomal Aberrations
Numerical
chromosomal changes: Euploidy, Polyploidy and Aneuploidy, Structural
chromosomal changes: Deletions, Duplications, Inversions & Translocations
Unit 13: Developmental Genetics and Model
System
Study of model
systems in developmental genetics- Drosophila melanogaster Sachharomyces
cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Xenopus laevis.
Unit 14. Genomic Analysis- Dissection of
Gene Function
Genetic
analysis using mutations, forward genetics, genomics, reverse genetics, RNAi,
functional genomics and system biology.
Unit 15. Evolutionary Genetics
Genetic
variation and Speciation.
Syllabus is based on the following courses offered by Delhi University
Bsc ZOO (H): Paper
12-MBHT 301: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-I andPaper 16-MBHP 402: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-II
Bsc BOT (H): Paper
12-MBHT 301: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-I
Unit 1: Genetic material
DNA: Miescher
to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, Griffith’s and Avery’s
transformation experiments, Hershey-Chase bacteriophage experiment,
Unit 2: The Structures of DNA and RNA / Genetic
Material
DNA structure,
types of DNA, types of genetic material.
Denaturation and renaturation, cot curves. DNA topology-linking number,
topoisomerases; Organization of DNA-
Prokaryotes, Viruses, Eukaryotes. RNA Structure, Organelle DNA -- mitochondria
and chloroplast DNA.
Unit 3: Genome Structure, Chromatin and the
Nucleosome
Genome
Sequence and Chromosome Diversity, Chromosome Duplication and Segregation, The
Nucleosome, Chromatin structure- Euchromatin, Heterochromatin- Constitutive and
Facultative heterochromatin. Regulation of Chromatin Structure and Nucleosome
Assembly. Organization of Chromosomes
Unit 4: The Replication of DNA (Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes)
Chemistry of
DNA synthesis, general principles - bidirectional replication, Semi-
conservative, Semi discontinuous, RNA priming, Various models of DNA
replication including rolling circle, D-loop (mitochondrial), Ө (theta) mode of
replication, replication of linear ds-DNA, replicating the 5’end of linear chromosome.
Enzyme involved in DNA replication – DNA polymerases, DNA ligase, Primase,
Telomerase and other accessory proteins
Unit 5: The Mutability and Repair of DNA
Replication
Errors, DNA Damage and their repair.
Unit 6: Transcription (Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes)
Types of
structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerases in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, Initiation, elongation and
termination of RNA chains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Unit 7: RNA processing
Split genes,
concept of introns and exons, removal of Introns, spliceosome machinery,
splicing pathways, alternative splicing, exon shuffling, RNA editing, and mRNA
transport
Unit 8: Translation in Prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
Features of
genetic code and deciphering, universality of genetic code and exceptions in
some systems. Assembly line of polypeptide synthesis - ribosome structure and
assembly, various steps in protein synthesis. Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA
synthetases. Proteins involved in initiation, elongation and termination of
polypeptides. Fidelity of translation. Inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Unit 9: Regulation of translation
Translation-dependent
regulation of mRNA and Protein Stability
Unit 10: Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
and phages
Principles of
transcriptional regulation, regulation at initiation with examples from lac and
trp operons
Unit 11: Transcription Regulation in
Eukaryotes
Conserved
mechanism of regulation, Eukaryotic activators,
transcriptional repressors, signal transduction and control of
transcriptional regulator, Gene silencing
Unit 12: Regulatory RNAs
Riboswitches,
RNA interference, miRNA, siRNA, Regulatory RNA and X-inactivation
MODULE 3: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUES
AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Syllabus is based on the following courses offered by Delhi University
Bsc ZOO (H): Paper
22-ZOHT 611: BIOTECHNOLOGY
Bsc BOT (H): Paper 23-BTHT 612: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit 1:
Molecular Techniques in Gene manipulation
Introduction
to the concept of Recombinant DNA Technology, DNA cloning. Steps in cloning a
gene.
Unit 2:
Enzymes in genetic engineering
Restriction
and modifying enzymes, (history, type and role), ligases, nucleases, polymerases, kinases, phosphatase etc,
restriction mapping.
Unit 3: Cloning vectors
Cloning
vectors, plasmids, phages, cosmids, artificial chromosomes, screening and
selection of recombinants
Unit 4: Expression vectors
Prokaryotic
and eukaryotic expression vectors, design and signal sequences, expression of
heterologous proteins
Unit 5: Transformation techniques
Techniques for transformation of microbial, plant and
animal cells
Unit 6: Gene libraries and gene isolation
Construction
and screening of genomic and cDNA libraries, methods of gene isolation
Unit 7: Electrophoresis and blotting
techniques
Agarose and
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Molecular analysis of DNA, RNA and Proteins
(i.e. Southern, Northern and Western blotting),
Unit 8: DNA sequencing and whole genome
sequencing
DNA sequencing (Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger
methods). Automated sequencing , strategies for whole genome sequencing, the
human genome project and other genome sequencing projects
Unit 9: DNA fingerprinting
RAPD, RFLP,
SSR, FISH etc. Applications
Unit 10: PCR and Microararys
Concept of
PCR, components of PCR, types,
applications, DNA microarrays and applications, analysis of gene expression.
Unit 11. Transgenic Plants
Production of
transgenic plants: Ti plasmid, Agrobacterium mediated transformation, Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation; Direct gene transfer methods– Electroporation, Microinjection,
Gene-gun; Selection of transgenics - marker and reporter genes.
Unit 12: Role of Plant Biotechnology in
Agriculture, Environment and Industry
Pest resistant
plants (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistance; disease and stress resistant plants;
transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Flavr savr tomatoes, Golden
rice); Role of transgenics in degradation of pollutants (Superbug) leaching out
of minerals; Application of plant biotechnology for production of quality oil,
industrial enzymes, edible vaccines and planti-bodies. Examples of transgenic plants (insecticide,
herbicide and virus resistant plants).
Unit 13: Transgenic Animal Technology
Production of
transgenic animals-nuclear transplantation, Retroviral method, DNA
microinjection method, Applications of transgenic mice, sheep, goat, pig, birds
and fish.
Animal
cloning; Dolly and Polly, Scientific significance, Therapeutic applications,
Human cloning, Ethical issues of transgenic animals.
Unit 14: Industrial and Medical Applications
of Biotechnology
Molecular
diagnosis of genetic diseases (Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, Sickle
cell anemia), RFLP, RAPD and DNA
fingerprinting, Recombinant vaccines and therapeutic agents, Recombinant DNA in
medicines (recombinant insulin and human growth hormone), Gene therapy, (ADA and Cystic fibrosis) and Stem Cells, Enzymes in detergents and leather industries,
Bioremediation
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